Coal Spontaneous Combustion

How Coal Self-Ignites?

The coal’s temperature begins to climb above ambient. At about 150-300 degrees F, it begins to give off minute, but measurable, quantities of gas–aerosols, hydrogen, and CO (2)–precursors of combustion. As the temperature increases further–at about 600-700 degrees F–relatively, large, visible particulates are emitted. Soon, as the heating rate increases in intensity to about 750-800 degrees F, incipient combustion, and ultimately self-ignition and flame, will occur.

The risk from fire exists anywhere significant amounts of coal are in use or storage. Coal is a combustible material, making it susceptible to a variety of ignition scenarios. Preventing spontaneous combustion coal fires involves attention to many different factors. Among the most critical are the type, age, and composition of coal, how it is stored, and how it is used. Given the right kind of coal, oxygen, and a certain temperature and moisture content, coal will burn by itself.

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Draft Surveyors Opinion

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Draft Survey Accuracy in Surveyor’s Opinion

Ship to ship operation between ship and barge is the most draft survey dispute cases experienced by draft surveyor. This condition is left question; How accurate is draft survey?

As known, there are many factors affecting the accuracy of draft survey. You can check at following post >>
– Draft survey the accuracy and factors effecting
– Improving accuracy of draft survey

By ignorance the accuracy of data provided by vessel and barge (hydrostatic table & tank sounding table), the disputes between ship’s and barge’s draft survey caused by :
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What is Bunker Quantity Survey?

Bunker Quantity Survey

What is Bunker Quantity Survey?

A bunker quantity survey is taking measurements on board the delivery barge or at the shore tank and on the receiving vessel before and after transferring of oil takes place by involves an approved marine surveyors.

How To Do Bunker Quantity Survey?

– Surveyor measurements the bunker tanks to determine the quantity of oil delivered.
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VNET in Bunker Survey

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What is VNET in Terms of Bunker Survey?

Remembered that unanswered question about Bunker Survey VNET by Surveyor on this site. We have collected two similar information to solve it.

QUESTION: Recently, many Chinese built vessels using the VNET calibration table for calculation of the bunker received on board and many a time, ended with dispute. What is VNET?

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Procedure of Calculations Using Density, API & Relative Density

Marine Surveyor Information 1602282

 

Working with Density at 15°C in air:
1) Observed Ullage – apply corrections – get Corrected Ullage
2) Observed Interface – apply corrections – get Corrected Interface
3) From Corrected Ullage, find Total Observed Volume TOV (in cubic metres)
4) From Corrected Interface, find Volume of Water (in cubic metres)
5) TOV – Water = Gross Observed Volume (GOV) of Cargo (in cubic metres)
6) Use Density at 15°C and Observed Temperature (°C) and find Volume Correction Factor (VCF) from Table 54
7) Gross Standard Volume (GSV) = GOV x VCF (cubic metres)
8) Weight Correction Factor (WCF) = Density at 15°C in vacuum – 0.0011 (or the Density at 15°C in air)
9) Weight in Air (Metric Ton) = GSV x WCF(Density at 15°C in air)
10) Weight in Vaccum (Metric Ton) = GSV x Density at 15°C in vacuum
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ASTM Table Series for Oil Survey

Marine Surveyor Information 1601281
Series I – TABLE 5 & 6 – FOR API, °F, 60°F
Volume I – Generalized Crude Oils (Tables 5A & 6A)
Volume II – Generalized Products (Tables 5B and 6B)
Volume III – Individual and Special Applications (Table 6C)

Series II – TABLE 23 & 24 – FOR RELATIVE DENSITY, °F, 60°F
Volume IV – Generalized Crude Oils (Tables 23A & 24A)
Volume V – Generalized Products (Tables 23B and 24B)
Volume VI – Individual and Special Applications (Table 24C)
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Marine Surveyor Work Scopes

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Definition of Marine Surveyor (Wikipedia)
A Marine surveyor (including “Yacht & Small Craft Surveyor”, “Hull & Machinery Surveyor” and/or “Cargo Surveyor”) is a person who conducts inspections, surveys or examinations of marine vessels to assess, monitor and report on their condition and the products on them, as well as inspects damage caused to both vessels and cargo. Marine surveyors also inspect equipment intended for new or existing vessels to ensure compliance with various standards or specifications. Marine surveys typically include the structure, machinery and equipment (navigational, safety, radio, etc.) and general condition of a vessel and/or cargo. It also includes judging materials on board and their condition.
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